परिभाषाएँ: • गर्भकालीन आयु पिछले मासिक धर्म (एलएमपी) के पहले दिन से गर्भावस्था की अवधि को संदर्भित करती है, जो ओव्यूलेशन और निषेचन से लगभग 2 सप्ताह पहले होती है। • निषेचन से 10 सप्ताह के गर्भ (गर्भाधान के 8 सप्ताह बाद) तक, अवधारणा को भ्रूण कहा जाता है। 10 सप्ताह से जन्म तक, यह एक… Continue reading अवधारणा
Obstetrics
Women undergo a lot of transformation during pregnancy. A variety of changes come into play both at mental and physical level.
Learning them will help you enjoy this transformation phase with ease and anxiety-free.
The Puerperium
Physiology • The puerperium is the 6 weeks after delivery when the reproductive tract returns to its non-pregnant state. • Immediately after delivery, the uterus shrinks down to the level of the umbilicus. By 2 weeks postpartum, it is no longer palpable above the symphysis. By 6 weeks, the uterus has returned to its non-pregnant size. • Decidual… Continue reading The Puerperium
Cesarean Section Delivery
Definition Delivery of a fetus via the abdominal route (laparotomy) requiring an incision into the uterus (hysterotomy). Cesarean is needed or not? Absolute Indications for Cesarean section delivery Maternal • Failed induction of labor • Failure to progress (labor dystocia) • Cephalopelvic disproportion Uteroplacental • Previous uterine surgery (classical cesarean) • Prior uterine rupture •… Continue reading Cesarean Section Delivery
Normal Delivery
Definition Labor is the physiologic process by which a fetus is expelled from the uterus to the outside world. It is a clinical diagnosis requiring two elements: (1) regular phasic uterine contractions increasing in frequency and intensity, and (2) progressive effacement and dilation of the cervix. Normal labor occurs at term (defined as 37–0/7 to 42–0/7… Continue reading Normal Delivery
Baby Presentations
Face Presentation Definition: It is a cephalic presentation in which the head is completely extended. Incidence: About 1:300 labours. Aetiology : (A) Primary face: -It is less common. – occurs during pregnancy. -It is usually due to foetal causes which may be: 1. Anencephaly: due to absence of the bony vault of the skull and… Continue reading Baby Presentations
Pre & Post Term Pregnancy Care
Preterm Labour Definition It is the onset of labour before completed 37 weeks of pregnancy. Incidence: 5-10%. Aetiology (I) Maternal causes: 1. Medical disorders: – Preeclampsia. – Chronic nephritis. – Anaemia and malnutrition. 2. Antepartum haemorrhage: – Placenta praevia, – Abruptio placentae. 3. Uterine anomalies: – Septate uterus. – Incompetent cervix. – Fibroid uterus. 4. Psychological or hormonal. (II)… Continue reading Pre & Post Term Pregnancy Care
Disorders of Fetal Growth
Definitions • Low birth weight (LBW) refers to infants with an absolute birth weight <2500 g regardless of gestational age. • Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses are <10th percentile for gestational age. Fetuses >90th percentile are termed “large for gestational age” (LGA). Fetuses between the 10th and 90th percentiles are referred to as “appropriate for gestational age” (AGA). The… Continue reading Disorders of Fetal Growth
Drugs and Medications
Incidence • Of women 20–25% report using medications on a regular basis throughout pregnancy. • Major congenital anomalies occur in 3–4% of live births and 70% of such anomalies have no known cause. It is estimated that 2–3% are due to medications and 1% to environmental toxins. Drug trials in Pregnancy • Drug trials are… Continue reading Drugs and Medications
Thyroid Disease
Thyroid physiology • Circulating thyroxine (levothyroxine, T4) and l-triiodothyronine (T3) are bound primarily to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with <1% circulating as free (biologically active) hormone. • Iodine is required for thyroid hormone production and fetal thyroid function is dependent on iodine from the mother. • Non-thyroid medical illnesses and select drugs can affect thyroid function. Thyroid… Continue reading Thyroid Disease
Diabetes Mellitus
Physiology Pregnancy is a “diabetogenic state” with increased insulin resistance and reduced peripheral uptake of glucose (due to placental hormones with anti-insulin activity). In this way, the fetus has a continuous supply of glucose. Incidence Three to five percent of pregnancies. Maternal complications • Gestational diabetes poses little risk to the mother. Such women are… Continue reading Diabetes Mellitus