Gynaecology

Definition – Involuntary leakage of urine that is sufficient enough in frequency and amount to cause physical and/or emotional distress. Frequency – Highly prevalent in women across their adult lifespan and severity increases linearly with age in women across their adult lifespan: 4–8% ultimately seek medical attention. One in three women aged >60 years has… Continue reading Urinary Incontinence

Introduction Ninety percent of breast cancers are found by the woman or her partner. For this reason, women must understand the importance of examining the breast every month. During pregnancy, there is no special time of the month that is best to reform the examination. In non-pregnant women, 5 days after cessation of menstruation, it… Continue reading Self-Examination of Breasts

Anatomy and Development  The breasts are large, modified sebaceous glands contained within the superficial fascia of the anterior chest wall. The average weight is 200–300 g during the menstruating years. Composed of 20% glands and 80% fat and connective tissue. Breast tissue is sensitive to the cyclic changes in hormonal levels – women often experience… Continue reading Breast Diseases

Definition The voluntary prevention of pregnancy (“birth control”). Contraceptive options depend primarily on the motivation of the user, but none is 100% effective, immediately available, and low cost. Of the methods, only male and female condoms reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Oral contraceptives (OCs) • Composition- Most are combinations that contain both synthetic… Continue reading Contraception

Hysterectomy is the removal of uterus. Types of Hysterectomy Hysterectomies can be divided into total (removal of the cervix with the uterus) or supracervical (removal of the uterine corpus without the cervix). Routes of hysterectomy include: • Vaginal hysterectomy • Laparoscopic or robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy • Abdominal (open) hysterectomy Vaginal hysterectomy It is believed to… Continue reading Hysterectomy

Endometriosis • Definition – Functional endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. • Prevalence – Five to ten percent of women of reproductive age; 30–40% of infertile women; 80% of women with chronic pelvic pain. • Age – Typically diagnosed in women during their 20s. Not found before menarche and characteristically regresses after the menopause. •… Continue reading Endometriosis and Adenomyosis

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common among women of all ages and can vary in severity from uncomplicated, acute cystitis to pyelonephritis leading to urosepsis. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common reason for women to seek gynecologic care. UTI can be caused by viruses or fungi like Candida, but the huge majority are bacterial… Continue reading Urinary Tract Infection

Your thyroid produces thyroid hormone, which controls many activities in your body, including how fast you burn calories and how fast your heartbeats. Diseases of the thyroid cause it to make either too much or too little of the hormone. Depending on how much or how little hormone your thyroid makes, you may often feel… Continue reading Thyroid Problems

• Definition – A heterogeneous disorder of unexplained hyperandrogenic chronic anovulation in which secondary causes (androgen-secreting neoplasms) have been excluded. PCOS was historically referred to as Stein–Leventhal syndrome. • Prevalence – Five percent of women of reproductive age. It occurs among all races and nationalities, is the most common hormonal disorder of women this age,… Continue reading Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

  A vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina and vaginal area. It is caused by a type of fungus called yeast. When this yeast increases it can cause an infection. Three out of four women will get a vaginal yeast infection during their life. Some women will have it more than once. A vaginal… Continue reading Yeast Infection